Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: An Analysis of Parallel Scenes Essay

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight An Analysis of Parallel Scenes The anonymous author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was supposedly the first to have originated the alternation of temptation and hunting scenes, which some(prenominal) contribute importantly to the effectiveness of the poem (Benson 57). The two narratives are obviously meant to be read as complementary. Therefore, the parallel juxtaposition of seemingly unrelated episodes is the fundamental characteristic of the narrative. The narrative, which appears parallel, contrasts temptation and beheading tales which posed the major problem of unity for the early critics (Benson 26).H. L. Savage analyzes the relation between the hunting and temptation scenes and concludes that they are credibly the best known explanation of narrative variation in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Benson 25). Simultaneously, one scene takes place in a bedroom, while the other(a) in a forest. One scene concerns courtship, while the other the vigorous excitement of the chase of wild prey. These two sets of scenes differ in content and emphasis, moreover ...

Inhaling Knowledge :: Personal Narratives Drugs Illegal Narcotics Essay

Inhaling KnowledgeWhen I was a young girl, my dad and I would drive to Chinat avow every third Saturday of the month to get his monthly dose of rice. through and through the west side of Chicago we went. My dad always complained about the litter, the lack of cleanliness and how easy it would be to keep the city clean if everyone just took care of their own trash. Looking out the window, I remember seeing trash piled high on every corner, as if garbage had taken the place of grass. Graffiti cover every building we passed, broken windows everywhere. It always made me sad that people had to live in such an environment, but I can so vividly remember laughing at the sight of gym shoes tied together, hanging high above me from the telephone lines in this part of town. Every few blocks Id see another pair, and another, and another What a funny joke, I thought to myself. How did some one even get them up there? Little did I know that these shoes hung high in the sky, once bringing a smile t o my face, would one day fill my heart with sorrow and pain, threaten the binds that held my family so close together or almost take the life of my beloved sister. Never in my worst nightmare could I imagine something so serious could go so wrong. I grew up in a family of three children, an older brother and a sister eighteen months younger, with two loving parents who would straits to the moon and back to keep us happy and healthy. I was one of the luckiest kids in the world, I used to tell myself, because when nothing else in my life was right, I always had my family to cheer me up and make my troubles disappear. I thought that is how each and every one of us felt, but I guess I was wrong. nearly people have a talent of hiding how they are feeling they keep her pain bottled up until one day when their bottle gets too full, it explodes. This is what happened to my sister, Susan. She was never one to be very open with her feelings or what she was thinking. I can still remember ou r weekly arguments about her not telling me what was going on in her lifeschool, friends, karate, boyfriends, work.

Waste Land Essay: Spiritual Decay -- T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

Spiritual Decay in The Waste Land In The Waste Land, T.S. Eliot develops his theme of sterility and decay in the post-World War I man by focusing on the aspect of religious dearth or superficiality reflected in despintualized slam (Pinion). For Eliot, mans inability to find real love or to move beyond superficial sexual gratification is congruous to the spiritual decay of his soul. In the low gear part of the poem, The Burial of the Dead Eliots allusions to two love stories amidst a backdrop of stony rubbish and broken images illustrates his view of love as something that has lost its ability to bang in the infertility of modem society (20,22). Eliot alludes to the story of Tristan, a young sailor, who leaves his lover, Isolde, behind when he sails for home. As he lies dying, he waits for the arrival of her ship, but the sea that is to act as her remains empty and desolate. This shows how human longing in love is fr... ...erating his hope for the regeneration or rebirth of the human spirit (424-425). Works Cited and Consulted Pinion, F.B., A T.S. Eliot come with Life and Works, The Macmillan Press (1986) Southam, B.C., A Guide to the Selected Poems of T.S. Eliot, Harcourt Brace & Company Shashane, VA Reflections on the Waste Land, Studies on IS Eliot Ed. A.N. Dwivedi US Bahri Publishers (1989) Raffel, Burton IS Eliot Frederick Ungar Publising Co., Inc. (1982)

Professional Boundaries Essay example -- Health, Nursing, Medical Dire

IntroductionNurses frequently work in situations where the boundaries of the nurses are being tested. Their respond to these tests is a matter of nurses and original integrity, by virtue of the power inherent in their nonrecreational role are expected to do the right thing horizontal it is not always clear what doing the right thing might look like. Similar to the fence rough ones yard or the walls around ones house, metaphorically boundaries mark the parameters of the professional role. (Baron, 2001 Wysoker, 2000).According to Holder & Schenthal (2007), a broad definition of professional boundaries is the limit which protects the space between the professionals power and the patients vulnerability. Professional boundaries are the spaces between nurses and patients, nurses and doctors or even nurses with others multi inter professional health worker. The power of the nurses comes from the professional position, increase of knowledge, advance of role and accountability. Establish ing boundaries allow the nurse to control this power differential and allows the safe connection in other to meet patient needs.The judicature policy makers shown that nursing service are provided and to affect the career pathways and education. The policies are impacting on professional roles and boundaries in health care service. Nurses are becoming more than individually on their own practice and they have been at the vanguard of new role development. The nursing profession has also been challenges by advances technology in health care. By becoming more knowledgeable about policy, legal and ethical ideal decision-making, nurses can conquer these challenges. The demand of policy, legal and ethical standard would promote greater knowledge, acco... ...ere taken to protect nurses. Common practice here is medical directive. Medical directive means a medical instruction stipulation to paramedic regarding medical management or procedure to perform to patient. The document should in clude the procedures approved that can be performed by nurse and endorse by the head of department. These documents also have to audit frequently to ensure it is updated and relevant with the current situation and demands. As conclusion, crossing a professional boundaries bring a lots of benefits and weaknesses. However, nurses must remember they are nurses all the time thus it is vital to seek advice early when problem around professional boundaries arise and as for the medical profession, they have to value nurses knowledge and expertise in order to shares experience, knowledge and skills for future development of healthcare practitioner.

Water Pollution in Canada Essay examples -- Environmental Pollution Ess

The industrialization of Canada is severely affecting the nations lakes, streams, and rivers. If something is not done to improve the situation it is going to have some severe environmental problems in its future. The pursuance essay will be looking at the factors that cause pollution, and the effect that pollution has on the environment of Canada. It will also explore some of the methods employ to treat and clean-up wastewater, and oil spills. Today pollution is very high in both inland and marine waters. All different types of water pollution atomic number 18 contributing factors in this problem. Here are some things that are associated with pollution Pathogens Pathogens are disease causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. They usually come from human sewage. As pathogen numbers pool increase, so does the risk of human health.Biochemical Oxygen Demand Organic wastes that decay in a body of water.decrease the amount of oxygen put in in it. The living things in the lake needoxy gen to survive. If the oxygen level is depressed to zero, all fish in thelake die. Any decomposition that does not guard oxygen get crackings to generatenoxious gases such as Hydrogen Sulfide. Pulp and paper mills, and municipalsewage causes BOD. Nutrients Nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus,enrich waters and travel rapidly the aging of lakes and streams. Also, the resultof this is rich plant life which prohibits recreational activities. Planktonblooms depress oxygen levels (as mentioned before) and therefore, endangerliving organisms. Major sources of nutrients are municipal sewage and agricultural runoff. Toxic Materials Can affect the health of aquatic organismsand their consumers, and the plenty who drink the contaminated water. Thetoxicants include lead, mercury, DDT, PCB, benzopyrene, oil, and dibutylphthalate. These chemicals enter the lake through dumping by the factories.Temperature Changes Temperature changes from waste set off discharges (like from anucle ar power plant) can cause pollution. This happens if their elevationreduces dissolved-oxygen levels, and accelerates eustrophication, which in turnaffects the ecological processes and blocks the migration path of fishes.Acidification Acidification (acid rain etc.) Is caused by sulfur and nitrogenoxide in the rain, which is caused by automobiles and large industries.Temperature Changes The... ... 40,000gallons) per ton of steel manufactured. A typical metropolitan area discharges avolume of wastewater equal to about 60 to 80 percent of its total dailyrequirements The rest is being used for washing cars, watering lawns, and formanufacturing processes such as food canning and bottling.Infiltration This occurs when sewer lines are fixed below the water table or when rainfall goesdown through the earth to the pipe. We do not like it because it means that thepiping system and the sermon plant have to work extra hardStorm Water Drainage This is simply the water from rain, melted snow, e tc. draining intoour pipelines and sewers where it goes to a handling plant to be treated, butthere is nothing wrong with it.In conclusion, From all the points I have brought up it is easy to see thatthe more people there are in the world the more water pollution there is goingto be. That doesnt mean that we have to stop having children, what it means isthat we have to start watching where we drain our polluted water, and start touse our resources more wisely. We should also be more careful with hazardouschemicals , and things like oil drilling, etc.

Water Pollution in Canada Essay examples -- Environmental Pollution Ess

The industrialization of Canada is severely affecting the nations lakes, streams, and rivers. If whateverthing is not done to improve the situation it is going to drive home some severe environmental problems in its future. The following essay will be looking at the factors that cause contamination, and the effect that pollution has on the environment of Canada. It will also explore some of the methods used to treat and clean-up neutralizewater, and oil spills. Today pollution is very high in both inland and marine irrigate. All different types of water pollution atomic number 18 contributing factors in this problem. Here are some things that are associated with pollution Pathogens Pathogens are disease causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. They usually come from human sewer. As pathogen numbers increase, so does the risk of human health.Biochemical Oxygen Demand Organic wastes that decay in a body of water.decrease the amount of atomic number 8 found in it. The living thi ngs in the lake needoxygen to survive. If the oxygen level is depressed to zero, all fish in thelake die. Any decomposition that does not contain oxygen starts to generatenoxious gases such as Hydrogen Sulfide. Pulp and paper mills, and municipalsewage causes BOD. Nutrients Nutrients, particularly north and phosphorus,enrich waters and accelerate the aging of lakes and streams. Also, the resultof this is rich plant life which prohibits recreational activities. Planktonblooms depress oxygen levels (as mentioned before) and therefore, endangerliving organisms. Major sources of nutrients are municipal sewage andagricultural runoff. Toxic Materials Can affect the health of aquatic organismsand their consumers, and the people who drink the contaminated water. Thetoxicants include lead, mercury, DDT, PCB, benzopyrene, oil, and dibutylphthalate. These chemicals enter the lake through dumping by the factories.Temperature Changes Temperature changes from waste heat discharges (like from anu clear power plant) can cause pollution. This happens if their elevationreduces dissolved-oxygen levels, and accelerates eustrophication, which in turnaffects the ecological processes and blocks the migration path of fishes.Acidification Acidification (acid rain and so forth) Is caused by sulfur and nitrogenoxide in the rain, which is caused by automobiles and large industries.Temperature Changes The... ... 40,000gallons) per ton of steel manufactured. A typical metropolitan area discharges avolume of wastewater equal to about 60 to 80 percent of its total dailyrequirements The rest is being used for washing cars, watering lawns, and formanufacturing processes such as food canning and bottling.Infiltration This occurs when sewer lines are placed below the water table or when rainfall goesdown through the earth to the pipe. We do not like it because it means that thepiping administration and the treatment plant have to work extra hardStorm Water Drainage This is simply the water fro m rain, melted snow, etc. draining intoour pipelines and sewers where it goes to a treatment plant to be treated, butthere is nothing wrong with it.In conclusion, From all the points I have brought up it is easy to see thatthe more people there are in the world the more water pollution there is goingto be. That doesnt mean that we have to stop having children, what it means isthat we have to start watching where we drain our polluted water, and start touse our resources more wisely. We should also be more careful with hazardouschemicals , and things like oil drilling, etc.

Method of Radical Doubt

The method of uncertainty that is used to attain certainty was formulated by famous Western philosopher Rene Descartes (Burnham & Fieser). It was initially formulated to be a method for religion, science, and epistemology (Burnham & Fieser).He lived in the 16th to 17th century, and created works on mathematics and physics (Burnham & Fieser). His method of radical or hyperbolic doubt was a product of his being a radical skeptic. This position means that Descartes did non readily accept anything as true. Moreover, he did not immediately associate anything as companionship. Thus, contrary to the inclinations of philosophers and thinkers of his time, he never believed in anything unless they passed his test of indubitability (Burnham & Fieser).Descartes vehemently denied the prevailing concepts of his time, as put forward by the Aristotelian, Scholastic, and Medieval traditions (Burnham & Fieser). This gave alliance to his determination to be a radical skeptic, which for him allowed him to start anew in his quest for a philosophical foundation (Burnham & Fieser). However, it is important to note that Descartes radical scepticism is different from the position of other skeptics, which is doubting for the sake of doubting.Feature Article Relative RatesFree-Radical BrominationBeing a radical skeptic, Descartes desperately searched for true familiarity (Burnham & Fieser). For him, cognition is base on honor and indubitability (Burnham & Fieser). A certain proposition would only be accepted as knowledge if it were true and does not entertain doubt (Burnham & Fieser).For example, ones knowledge of a table is brought about by his belief that it is true and real. Descartes formulated a criteria of knowledge based on clarity and distinctness, which gives a somebody confidence in his determination of whether a statement is worthy of being accepted as true knowledge (Burnham & Fieser).Descartes radical skepticism is characterized by his comprehensive rejection of the reliability of accepting ideas as truth or knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). He is known for the wide-ranging premise that truth is not represented by a persons ideas (Burnham & Fieser).For him, ideas cannot be automatically classified as truth (Burnham & Fieser). Quite the contrary, ideas obscure a persons perception of the truth. (Burnham & Fieser). Thus Descartes rejected all ideas that are susceptible to doubt. In this connection, he likewise excluded mere wishes or opinions from real knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). For him, much(prenominal) dubitable ideas could not serve the purpose of determining the foundation for philosophy or knowledge (Burnham & Fieser).Descartes method of hyperbolic doubt was explained in detail in his work published in 1641, entitled Meditations on First Philosophy, wherein he discussed issues regarding the existence of God and the distinction between object and body (Burnham & Fieser). In this book, Descartes conclude that there is at least a doubting be ing whose existence is independent of its body namely, himself (Burnham & Fieser, 2006).Descartes method of hyperbolic doubt consists of several stages (Burnham & Fieser). First, it involves the identification of a class of knowledge that is unreliable because it is not credible (Burnham & Fieser). This class of knowledge refers to sensory information, or those gathered from sensory stimuli (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes choice of doubting sensory knowledge is based on his stand that sensory knowledge has been known for failing in the past (Burnham & Fieser).Furthermore, Descartes claims that there is a distinct possibility that it will suave fail in the future. Moreover, he referred to optical illusions, which are sensory knowledge that is based on deception. They make a person believe that his perceptions differ from what authentically exists in the world (Burnham & Fieser. For Descartes, therefore, sensory knowledge cannot be trusted.Descartes next subjected his own ideas to rad ical doubt (Burnham & Fieser). This he did by imagining that there exists a God who deceives him into thinking his thought, beliefs, and perceptions. (Burnham & Fieser, 2006). However, due to Descartes strong belief in God, he later replaced the idea of God as the deceiver to avoid disagreeing with his Christian belief, and conjured the idea of a evil demon who deceives him (Burnham & Fieser). Under this test, Descartes was able to conclude that even his own ideas cannot be trusted because they can still be doubted, since they could have been implanted in his heed by the malevolent demon (Burnham & Fieser).Finally, Descartes settled with the conclusion that he exists (Burnham & Fieser). This conclusion he reached through mental intuition, because he noticed that there were statements that are presented to his mind with sufficient clarity and distinctness that there is no reason to doubt them (Burnham & Fieser). This gave rise to his famous phrase, I think therefore I am, or Cogito ergo sum (Burnham & Fieser).This cannot be doubted, because the fact that he doubts shows that there is an existing entity who performs the doubting (Burnham & Fieser). If he did not exist in the first place, then there is no being whom the malevolent demon would be deceiving (Burnham & Fieser). In sum, Descartes arrived at one conclusion using his method of radical doubt. This conclusion is that it is the indubitable truth that he is a thinking entity that exists (Burnham & Fieser).Works CitedBurnham, D. & Fieser, J. Ren Descartes (1596-1650). The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006. 1 Apr. 2007 .

A Formula for Success

For people to succeed in life there should be a incessant plan that has to endure all through the process of their lives. Success is a process and not an event. No iodine has the passion of not succeeding in life but unfortunately few people have the passion to succeed. Success comes in diverse facets.One can succeed in religious endeavors, business, and relationships and in maintaining health among many other things. All these ways of succeeding require a well calculated plan.The formula for success entails having a vision. Champions get what they emergency because they know what they want. Vision motivates individuals, driving them to succeed in whatever they do. Therefore it is paramount for an individual to visualize what is successful and strive to get it no emergence what. In this sense everyone has an own perception of success. Therefore what one perceives is what they get. population who consistently succeed have a clear and thoughtful strategy. They know what they want to do and when to do it. For strategic planning for success, the plan should be put down in writing. From this plan the input in terms of finance and time should be clearly stated.If it is planning for a health program, for example reducing weight the plan should have a clear and practical measures that will ensure that the aimed remainder is accomplished. The time expected to reach the goal has to be also in writing. For instance, if it is to achieve an academician goal, one has to plan bearing in mind the bullion that needs to be invested and also the time.For someone to be successful in whatever is done there should be passion in the works done. People with passion are energized in whatever they do. If it is in business then one has to invest passionately regardless of the risks involved. For a students to succeed in their academic endeavors they have to study enthusiastically and passionately all the subjects they take.In addition, successful people are always flexible. It is indispensable sometimes for the made plans to go through. So for one to succeed, it is sometimes inevitable to change even the best laid plans. In this case there is the need to be willing to start over and to find out any potential viable alternative.Another step in the formula for success is to take risks. All successful businessmen take very high risks. close to people live in ruts because of the fear to take risks. People who consistently win are willing to get out of their comfort zone and pronounce new things. It is therefore important to be willing to plunge into the unknown and leave behind the safe and unchallenging things.The power of association equally contributes to ones success. Friends reflect the flake of people we are. If one is surrounded with people who want to succeed, the individual is bound to succeed. Bounding with people who have skills, talents and abilities can lead one to succeed in various fields. They enable an individual to emulate them thus unleas hing their potential by reacting to the challenges shown by friends.After one makes a plan then priorities should be set to ensure that frontmost things are tackled first. The challenges should be managed in a hierarchical manner to ensure that the things to be tackled are handled in the order of priority. The formula for success requires an individual not to spend time on priority number two when number priority one needs attention.Finally, for one to succeed there is the need be conscious and committed to self-management. An individuals self is the most important resource in achieving their goals. In this case individuals need to manage their mental, physical, emotional and spectral health.ReferenceSchullar, R. (1988).Success is Never Ending Failure is Never Final. New York Bantam Books.

Lucent Case Study

2. What monetary statement adjustments allow for luminous moderate to make to correct the taxation recognition problems announced in late 2000? Lucent recognized tax when glib-tongued evidence of an agreement exists, tar has occurred, the fee is fixed and determinable, and collection of the resulting receivable, including receivables of customers to which Lucent has provided customers financing, is probable.For sales generated from long-term contacts, primarily those related to customized network solutions and network build-outs, Lucent slackly uses the percentage of completion method of accounting. After the incident that SEC oblige Lucent to restate the its financial results leading its stock price to decline 8. 5% in 2000, Lucent now records the sales tax income when the customers buy the measure of receipts recognition is a crucial part in revenue recognition. check to US GAAP, revenue should be recognized when it is realized/realizable and pull in (FASB, 1984, Pa ra. 83).However, a number of software firms recognized revenue prior to product delivery or service performance in the past, which potentially violated adept or both of the conditions of the revenue recognition principle. In response, AICPA released Statement of Position (SOP) 91-1 in Dec. 1991, which stipulated that if collectability is probable, license revenue should be recognized upon delivery and service revenue should be recognized ratably over the service arrangement. The research question for this bind is How revenue recognition timing affects attributes of reported revenue?This question is interesting because 1) revenue recognition timing is important in financial reporting and standard setters have devoted much attention, 2) very limited empirical research examining revenue recognition timing has been conducted, 3) software revenue recognition is unique as dislodge of rights is achieved by license rather than on-the-spot sale of products. The main hypotheses for this ar ticle and their intuitions are 1) Early revenue recognition increases the timeliness of reported revenue.Its intuition is betimes revenue recognition better influences decisions by providing more timely information. 2) However, it will lead to greater uncertainty in reported revenue. Its intuition is changes may not be foreseen at the time of contract signing. 3) Time-series predictability of revenue is lower beneath early revenue recognition. Its intuition is early revenue recognition results in higher(prenominal) estimation error and therefore reduces the time-series predictability.Lucent Case Study2. What financial statement adjustments will Lucent have to make to correct the revenue recognition problems announced in late 2000? Lucent recognized revenue when persuasive evidence of an agreement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed and determinable, and collection of the resulting receivable, including receivables of customers to which Lucent has provided customers fin ancing, is probable.For sales generated from long-term contacts, primarily those related to customized network solutions and network build-outs, Lucent generally uses the percentage of completion method of accounting. After the incident that SEC forced Lucent to restate the its financial results leading its stock price to decline 8. 5% in 2000, Lucent now records the sales revenue when the customers buy the Timing of revenue recognition is a crucial part in revenue recognition. According to US GAAP, revenue should be recognized when it is realized/realizable and earned (FASB, 1984, Para. 83).However, a number of software firms recognized revenue prior to product delivery or service performance in the past, which potentially violated one or both of the conditions of the revenue recognition principle. In response, AICPA released Statement of Position (SOP) 91-1 in Dec. 1991, which stipulated that if collectability is probable, license revenue should be recognized upon delivery and ser vice revenue should be recognized ratably over the service arrangement. The research question for this article is How revenue recognition timing affects attributes of reported revenue?This question is interesting because 1) revenue recognition timing is important in financial reporting and standard setters have devoted much attention, 2) very limited empirical research examining revenue recognition timing has been conducted, 3) software revenue recognition is unique as transfer of rights is achieved by license rather than on-the-spot sale of products. The main hypotheses for this article and their intuitions are 1) Early revenue recognition increases the timeliness of reported revenue.Its intuition is early revenue recognition better influences decisions by providing more timely information. 2) However, it will lead to greater uncertainty in reported revenue. Its intuition is changes may not be foreseen at the time of contract signing. 3) Time-series predictability of revenue is low er under early revenue recognition. Its intuition is early revenue recognition results in higher estimation error and therefore reduces the time-series predictability.

A History of Melody Essay

The violin emerged from a primitive musical bow, usually an arched last out with a thread stretched taut among the cardinal ends (Hughes, 2008). The string is divided by a loop or a pair (Thinkquest, 1999). The first bridge was affaird to add to the movers resonance when the string was vibrated, and strings were attached across suitable receptacles (Hughes, 2008). These resonance enhancers took some forms-tortoise shells, coconut, calabash, wooden boxes and even pig bladders (Thinkquest, 1999), thrust tightly between the strings and the bow (Thinkquest, 1999).Also to enhance the resonance of the bow, the instrument was held before the mouth (Thinkquest, 1999). The violin probably came to Europe around the 9th century, mostly originating from Asia (Thinkquest, 1999). It took the evolutionary process of the violin about 450 years to bring the violin to its present form. This only shows the long years of experience needed by the ecclesiastics of the stringed instrument (Thinkq uest, 1999). The use of a bow to draw across the strings followed, probably imported into Europe from Asia by Arab travellers (Hughes, 2008).The evolution of the violin was slow. It took until the middle Ages for a version of the zither, a popular and older instrument, to evolve into the vielle, which saw the instrument being held against the shoulder. This differentiated it from the zither, as the latter(prenominal) was held across the knees (Hughes, 2008). As time went on, the original one string grew to four, and for a time, five strings (Hughes, 2008). Fashionable until the 16th century, the vielle was changed with the small wooden ribs used in similar wooden plucked instruments replaced by the tailpiece and bridge (Hughes, 2008). violin 2 By the time of the Renaissance, the viol (a bowed stringed instrument chiefly of the 16th and 17th centuries make in treble, alto, tenor, and bass sizes and distinguished from members of the violin family especially in having a deep body, a fl at back, sloping shoulders, usually six strings, a fretted fingerboard, and a low-arched bridge (Merriam-Webster, 2008), was being used, the first having a yap adding resonance and tone to the instrument (Hughes, 2008).It was a short time that the viol evolved into the viola da gamba (a bass member of the viol family having a range approximating the cello (Merriam-Webster, 2008), which was played between the knees of the musician, and the viola de braccio held against the shoulder. The modern shape of the violin was evolved from the second version of the instrument (Hughes, 2008). The Violin evolved form many different instruments, including the Rebob, the Rebec, Lira da Braccio and the Renaissance fiddle. The violin to twenty-four hour period, the new violin was not used until 1630 in Italy (Berkeley, 2008).The evolution of the modern violin appears to have been completed in Italy with the most famous violin maker Andrea Amati at Cremona, providing 24 violins, six violas and eight cellos for the French King Charles IX in 1560 (Hughes, 2008). Another famous violin maker, Antonio Stradivarius, joined the Amati school in the latter half of the 6th century (Hughes, 2008). The violins re finey As stated earlier in the paper, that apart from the Arab travellers influence had an on the violin, there is no certain fact on who invented the violin or a stringed instrument that is played with a bow (Hughes, 2008).Some of the theories place the invention of the violin at around 1520 A. D. wherein the violin is include in the Gaudenzio Ferrari painting The Madonna of the Orange Trees (cited in Berkeley, 2008). Violin 3 But the violin emerged in Italy in the primeval 1500s and seems to have developed from two medieval bowed instruments-the fiddle, also called the viele or fiedel, and the rebec-and from the Renaissance lira de braccio (a violin-like instrument with off the finger drone strings (Rosenblum, 2007). Also related to the violin, but not direct ancestors, is the six-string fretted viol.The viol appeared in Europe before the violin and existed with it side by side for about 200 hundred years (Rosenblum, 2007). In the early 1600s, however, the violin gained prestige through its use in operas such as Orfeo(1607) by Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi, and through the French King Louis XIII band of musicians, the 24 violons de roi (the Kings 24 violins, formed in 1626). This growth in stature continued throughout the Baroque period (1600-1750) in the works of many notable composer-performers.Among them were the Italians Ar substructuregelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi and Giuseppe Tartini and the Germanys Heinrich Biber, Georg Philipp Teleman and Johann Sebastian Bach (Rosenblum, 2007). The Craftsmen The earliest important violin makers were from Northern Italy, Gasparo da Salo (1540-1609) and Giovanni Maggini (1579-1630) from Brescia and Andrea Amati (1525-1611) from Cremona. The craft of violin making reached its height in the 17th and eighteent h centuries in the workshops of the Italians Antonio Stradivarius (1644-1737) and Giuseppe Guarneri (1698-1744) from Cremona and the Austrian Jacob Stainer (1617-1638) (Rosenblum, 2007).Violin 4 Gasparo da Salo (1542-1609) The begetter of the Brescian school of violin makers, Gasparo Bertlotti, or Gasparo da Salo, was a dedicated craftsman and instrument maker. He was formerly credited with the claim of having developed the violin in the shape we know today. Although his claims have been disproved, his instruments are nevertheless admired and venerated (Smithsonian, 2008). Gasparos violas are considered finer than his violins and probably were more than numerous (Smithsonian, 2008).His viola da gambas were converted to violincellos and are much esteemed, and some of his six-stringed bass viols have been remounted as three and four stringed double basses. Twenty instruments have been recorded (Smithsonian, 2008). Giovanni Paolo Maggini (1579-1630) An apprentice of Gasparo da Salo , he acquired a thorough knowledge of the woods available to him (Smithsonian, 2008). Maggini made his own mark and as a master, his own techniques of craftsmanship. He frequently experimented to improve tone quality for his pieces and perfect his construction methods (Smithsonian, 2008).Many of the instruments made by Maggini at the twilight of his vocation are considered his finest work. These works are known for the quality of the woods and unusually large vowelize holes as well as for their unusually gamey tones (Smithsonian, 2008). Andrea Amati (1525-1611) The founder of the great Cremona school of violin making, Amati focused on violins and was making viols and rebecs. Instruments dated after 1584 are said to be the works of his sons Antonio and Hieronymus (Smithsonian, 2008). Violin 5It is claimed that he made 24 violins, 6 violas and 8 cellos for the French king Charles IX for use at the court at Versailles (Smithsonian, 2008). A few of these instruments survive to this d ay (Smithsonian, 2008). Antonio Stradivarius (1644-1734) Stradivarius interpretation of geometry and design served as a conceptual model for violin makers for more than 200 years (Smithsonian, 2008). Stradivarius also made harps, guitars, violas and cellos- more than 1,100 instruments by accepted estimate (Smithsonian, 2008).About 650 of these instruments survive today (Smithsonian, 2008). Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri (1698-1744) Guarneri is considered the most illustrious member of this violin making family. The fifth and last member of the family, he is known more as Joseph Guarnerius del Gesu. Guarnerius is the Latin form of the family name and Joseph the Hebrew form of Giuseppe (Smithsonian, 2008). The estimate of his total production is not more than 250 violins no evidence suggests that he made more (Smithsonian, 2008). But at least one violoncello and some violas are attributed to him.The outline of his violins, with slight modifications, is founded on instruments of Stradiv arius (Smithsonian, 2008). Stradivarius and Guarnerius are ranked as among the sterling(prenominal) violin makers, but fine violinists prefer Guarnerius over Stradivarius (Smithsonian, 2008). Whatever the history or whoever the maker of the violin, we all must appreciate the efforts of these individuals who in one mood or another contributed to the making of the violin. All these men have given much by way of continuously honing the instrument as it is known and enjoyed today by scores of people.Violin 6 Personal Reflection The violin represents probably on of the more versatile, elegant and mysterious of the instruments that we have today. The seeming triviality of the instrument somewhat does not tell of the long and painstaking process that went into its refinement and development. The reason that I centred the paper on this instrument is just for those spare-time activity reasons. The instrument for me seems to just waft its notes and sounds over the listeners ears at just t he right moments.They are, I believe, different from the wind pieces such as the trumpet and the saxophone. These pieces produce these astute notes that sometimes tend to be irritable if you are not an admirer for the kind of music. But the violin just seems to play its notes in a mellow and smooth sound. It sometimes will want to lull to sleep at times. Im a fan of the violin. For me, there is just no instrument just like it in sound and depth and quality of sound. Yes, there are many pieces out there that seem to sound alike, but cant seem to touch the position of the violin.I cant imagine an orchestra without a violin in the strings section. It would be incomplete without it. The sound would be really different than the violins in it. And the violin can cross over to different genres of music, from classical to country to pop to jazz and to others, without a specter of difficulty. Thats another thing I like about this instrument, its very versatile. It can just blend in with th e various styles of music that you vagabond it with and it will perform handsomely, a trait not all instruments can boast of.What we can do now is just relax at either playing of the violin, just to enjoy the elegant sound of the instrument as the musician begins to play and begins to once again weave its magic over its listeners. name and addressBerkeley. (2008). The origins and history of the violin. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Berkeley website. http//www-atdp. berkeley. edu/2030/jmoriuchi/violin-title. html Hughes, A. (2008). Where did the violin originate? Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Answer Bank database http//www. theanswerbank. co. uk/Article1910. html Merriam-Webster. (2008). Viola.Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Merriam-Webster website http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/viol Rosenblum, M. (2007). Violin. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Microsoft Encarta encyclopaedia database. http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761576364/Violin. html Smithsonian I nstitution. (2008). Violin makers. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Encyclopaedia Smithsonian website. http//www. si. edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmah/violdasa. htm ThinkQuest. (1999). The violin. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from Oracle Education arse database. http//library. thinkquest. org/27178/en/section/1/index. html

Article Analysis of Supply and Demand Essay

The parcel business a few years back was at its peak and the growing postulate for software gave software companies the leverage to raise prices. When firms bought software it was in the form of a perpetual license and was costly for them. In this context, a perpetual license gave the consumers unlimited access to the software and usually tried to utilize the software more efficiently. Thus lowering the demand for software, prices were also lowered because fewer consumers were willing to knuckle under for something they could not effectively use. With a decrease in demand, supply also decreased.This paper is based on the article Supply and Demand Software Pricing by Jeffrey Rothfeder, which was produce in PC Magazine (2004). This paper presents an analysis of the article using the economic theories of supply and demand. Demand is comprised of the desire of the consumer to buy something, the consumers ability to pay and willingness to pay. Thus, in the peak years of the software labor, business and firms, both multimillion companies and smaller anes bought software like pancakes because of their desire for efficiency, which the software companies promised them.Then, business firms had the ability to pay for it since it was seen as an investment and would help them reap more profits. Which also made them more willing to pay for it. When companies bought additional software to complement what they already had resulted to marginal gain of the software, then as companies bought more software that the software company told them to use but could not effectively maximize it contributed to a diminishing marginal utility.Thus, the demand for software begun to decrease, coupled with this the dot.com crash came, the supply of software in the market was high, but the demand was low which eventually resulted into a lowering of the prices of the software license.This unit of ammunition meant that the software industry is dependent on what the consumer is willing to p ay for. On the other hand, the changes in the supply and demand and prices of software can also be brought about by a number of factors, like the rapid technological advancements in IT, the operational costs of using software and even the attitude of managers towards the service program and effectiveness of the software.In the past, software companies offered perpetual licenses to its consumers, this meant that consumers would have unlimited access to the software but because of the technological advancements in the information applied science, most of the software bought in the past could not run and its usefulness diminished. This entailed getting an upgrade or replacing the software entirely, but because of the past experience of mangers with the huge expenditure in buying software, it made them unwilling to pay for it the second time.A new breed of software companies also capitalized on the existing business environment, wherein they knew that consumers were looking for altern atives and options. This is what they gave the consumers, sooner of making software that would replace the original software, they developed a program that would enhance their existing programs, and they could buy it by subscription, which they can renew for the time they indispensableness to use it. This gave consumers the psychological feeling of being in control, instead of being at the mercy of the software companies.Thus, demand for this kind of software and this approach in licensing also spurned the increase in supply and also in prices. But since many vendors offer this alternative, and the losses of software companies made them more thorough in their business strategies, they have to remain competitive in their prices. Consumers generally would unavoidableness to pay less for what they need, which the subscription approach answers. Then with the development of the new management of delivering software through the internet (ASP) which reduces operational costs of softwa re companies again moved the prices of the product.At first, the public was hesitant in using this technology because of hostage and quality issues. However, big companies utilized it and therefore led to the belief that the risks associated with using this form is low and since them it has gained acceptance in the consumers. This again demonstrates how the growth in one aspect of the product can lead to an increase in demand and supply. More and more consumers have also become intelligent in what they want and need out of softwares, thus the idea of paying for a software like a utility commodity has not gained much credence.The use for softwares in business firms are numerous and a pay as you use approach is not viable since people nowadays depend on technology to become efficient in their jobs. On the other hand, the software industry have also responded with a few measures that would somehow change the quantity demanded of their products by going after software piracy and misuse of software licenses, thus effecting changes in the demand of the products like when a pirated software is confiscated or shut cut and since people rely on it for their business they would probably go out and buy the real one.In conclusion, the software industry still has power over the market of their programs, but with the increasing knowledge of consumers on the intricacies of using a software, their power over the supply, demand and prices of their products would slowly wane.References Articles Rothfeder, J. (2004). Supply and Demand Software Pricing. PC Magazine (February).Retrieved May 10, 2006 from http//www. eweek. com/article2/0,1759,1539611,00. asp Pombriant, D. (2003). Hosted CRM Popularity Continues To GrowBut How Far Will It Go? Aberdeen Group Websites www. softlicense. net/ webcomment. htm Software licensing tips and hints www. siia. net//divisions/software/pubs/statpage. pdf Software industry statistics.

Microchips in Humans Essay

In todays society, technology continues to find new ways to protect our children and families. Several devises have already been developed to track children when they be away from home. These devises work by GPS signal to track the movement of the child and atomic number 18 worn extern tot on the wholeyy or atomic number 18 imbedded in an item of clothing. thither are also GPS devices already approved for implantation in humans. VeriChip was the alone Food and Drug Administration-approved human-implantable microchip for use in medical purposes (DHHS pg. 71702-71704). These developments have sparked a debate over whether we should consider implanting microchips in humans for tracking and safety reasons and non just medical purposes. Today thither are microchips implanted into pets for tracking purposes yet they do not have a GPS signal and only work once the animal is found and not to track their location. These same miscellaneas of devises may be offered in the future for human s. Our political sympathies should never allow microchips to be implanted in humans for any purposes practically less mandate their use.External tracking devices currently available have the capability to track children for safety without the need for implanting a microchip in the body. This kind of tracking device would serve no purpose in tracking the childs location. As stated in this article Chip implants would be of little use in tracking a missing child as readers only have a limited range (Lane par 14). The FDA believes that a persons overall health may be affected by tissue reaction, movement of implanted chip, failure of transponder, among many other complications. In addition, it is clear that there are many risks involving implantation of these devise (DHHS pg. 71702-71704). The FDA also has a waiver to be signed that releases them from any liability in regards to these devises, not to mention they are also currently conducting research to see if these devices can cause cancer in the patient implanted with these microchips. Today there are microchips ready for implantation into humans exactly at what cost to our health? We already know that these devises pose several health risks and are a machinate violation to human remedys.However, what we do not know about the effects of these devises may be far more dangerous than anticipated. Imposing a constabulary to mandate these devices in the future could be far more costly to society then we will ever know. Some say these devises will begood for medical patients however there are many other ways to track ones medical history without implanting a opposed object into the body. There are too many side effects associated with this devise, which frankly is unnecessary and not needed for any real purpose, other than for tracking of an individual any move at any given time. Personally, I do not want that kind of big businessman given to anyone. The opposition on the other lead believes that these devi ses will be good for medical patients. However there are many other ways to track ones medical history without implanting a foreign object into the body. Currently there are medical I.D. bracelets to alert health care providers to any emergencies without the need for implanting microchips. Implanting microchips in humans also raises the question to the right of hiding as well as health concerns related to implantation.Our right to privacy is defined as the right to ones freedom of intrusion. If all humans were implanted with microchips, there would be no such thing as privacy as we now know it, not to mention the invasiveness of the operation for implantation. The continuing presence of the microchip within the individual must also be taken into account when considering our human rights. In combination with the surgery, the implant represents a permanent intrusion of our privacy. With an implanted microchip, your brain is hotwired into a computer that has a GPS tracking systems to monitor your movements, every minute of every day, for the rest of your life. Just judge how creepy that really sounds. The concept of privacy for anyone implanted would never exist again. To protect our privacy, we need to better understand its value and the purpose it serves. Privacy is mute as an important barrier that gives us space to develop an identity that is separate from the supervision, assessments, and values of our society.Privacy is crucial for helping us manage all of the pressures that shape the type of person we are in society. Privacy is also used as the groundwork to protect our other fundamental rights. If our right to privacy were compromised then our other rights would soon faultier as well. To implant microchips into human organism seems to be a clear case of intrusion of our bodies and our lives. Another reason our government should not allow microchips implanted in humans is that it would serve no real purpose except to track our movements and why should anyone have that much power over any individual. We need to consider the bigger picture as stated in thisarticle Imagine what the government could do with this kind of technology.If it cute to, it could use this technology to track literally every movement and behavior of everyone at any given time (Slavo par 15). Personally, this technology even being considered in our society should be a crime. The government should not allow or mandate implantation of microchips in humans for any reason. There are many reasons why these devises should not be implanted but instead should be outlawed. These devices not only pose a health risk to patients but also violate our rights to privacy. I have stated many reasons why the government should not allow microchips to be implanted in humans, not only is it morally, ethically and logically wrong but it would also serve no real purpose other than tracking our movements which should never be allowed. Personally, I do not want anyone to have that muc h power over me and neither should you.

Behavior Genetics

The behavioural familials discipline deals with the constituenttic factors affecting valet de chambree bearings. It deals with the geological formation of behavior with respect to the purview of psychology and psychiatry. These traits may involve cognitive impairments, genial illness, depression, aggression, schizophrenia, substance use, and behavioural problems. Further, behavioral genetics in the illuminance of technological advancement became an important tool in discovering the alleles and genes responsible for the behavioral characteristics of humans.Meanwhile, as environmental conditions provided by the p bents and shaped by the society h ane individuals to maximize their innate or inborn potentials, the similarities on the growth and developmental patterns among relatives illuminate the do of their inherited genes. While the genotype dictates the possible occurrence of a grouchy behavior, the nature shapes the phenotypic behavior that will be verbalized.In relation to this, although most developmental psychologists accommodate taken into consideration the hereditary influences in the development of cognitive skills, mental abilities, and multiple intelligences on every individual, heretofore they believe that environmental conditions take prevalence in molding ones personality. As such, experts argon in consecutive search for the genes responsible for the development and inheritance of various diseases and personality disorders.Title IntroductionCharles Darwin, the proponent of the natural selection theory, was influenced by Francis Galton in relating the biological basis of evolution to behavioral characteristics of living organism species (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). The pas seul on the expression of behavioral attributes of organisms under specialized type of species can be attributed to genetic diversenesss. These versions can survive and further change in the succeeding generations of that species (Plomin, Owen, and McGuff in, 1994). For instance, curiosity can be ob make outd in every animal species.Some animals display high level of curiosity than some other animal group which projects their survival mechanism. In connection to this, the discipline of behavior genetics is an intensive application of the biological basis of behavior that generally aims for the determination the variation extent of specific trait in a given population of organisms (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). Specifically, it examines some(prenominal) genetic and environmental influences on the trait variation as soundly as the interactions between heredity and the environment.Behavior genetics is also concern on the genotype or the underpinning genetic structures in specific behavior (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). In fact, the experiments on animal selective-breeding undeniably showed the influence of hereditary traits in the behavior of different animal species. Behavioral and Medical Genetics The behavioral genetics discipline deals with the genetic factors affecting human behaviors while checkup genetics encompasses the exerted influence of the genes on complex behavior (P bens, 2004).Medical genetics includes genetic factors which influence behavioral trait formation with respect to the purview of medicine such as hypertension, cancer, and diabetes (Parens, 2004). On the other hand, behavioral genetics deals with the formation of behavior with respect to the purview of psychology and psychiatry (Parens, 2004). These traits may involve cognitive impairments, mental illness, depression, aggression, schizophrenia, substance use, and behavioral problems. As hale, the demarcation between behavioral and medical genetics is not fully-defined (Parens, 2004).For instance, depression contingencys which sooner classified under the purview of psychiatrists and psychologists are now held by medical doctors. Similarly, the scope of medical researches like Alzheimers disease nowadays is also concerned of psychologists. Although, the names of these two endeavors are different, the molecular approaches, methodological and research questions are principally similar. Genetic Influences At present, most of the experts in behavioral genetics utilize the molecular methods of researchers in medical genetics (Parens, 2004).Both groups employ desoxyribonucleic acid-based technology to unravel the genetic mystery and the disorder or the behavioral traits. It is important to understand this essential goal of the study prior to the selection of the molecular method of the study. Researchers in behavioral genetics are using classical, epidemiological, and quantitative methods of study (Parens, 2004). For example, the twin studies decide under the classical methods while the DNA-based methods are classified under molecular-behavioral methods.Meanwhile, the experiments on behavioral genetics were conducted not only in microorganisms but also in insects like houseflies, mosquitoes, bees, fruit flies, crickets, wasps, moths and even in cows, fishes, dogs, geese and other animal species (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). The artificial selection or selective-breeding of these organisms resulted to conclusive relationship between behaviors and genetic processes. On the other hand, the genotype-environment interactions were assessed by natural behavioral observations on organisms in a defined environmental condition (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).For example, the observations made by early psychologist on the stimulus-conditioned response among animals require contributed in the understanding of human learning. In relation to this, in genetic studies, animals have crucial roles, serving as models for the experiment. For instance, a mouse model that was unequal in HRPT enzyme was genetically engineered in the laboratory so as to understand the human case of this deficiency. The HPRT deficiency, ascribed with a recessive X-linked gene, is associated with Lesch-Nyhan syn drome (Gershon and Reider, 1992).This genetic disorder was correlated with mental retardation and self-injurious behavior through animal studies (Gershon and Reider, 1992). Further, animals are also utilized as models for several neurobehavioral disorders such as epilepsy, alcoholism, and narcolepsy. In this view, animal models, through experiments, serve as means to gain understanding on the nature and occurrence of genetic disorders as well the exploration on the prevention and proper medical treatment. In every animal study, it is generally assumed that the underlying genetic principle works similarly among organisms.Moreover, in the advancement of genetic technology, locating, characterizing, and identifying genetic variation through genes is now possible. Methods in Behavioral Genetics Inbreeding Mice are typically used in inbreeding experiments. Inbreeding is done on animals in order to generate a genetically undistinguishable, homozygous population. Approximately after thirty generation, 98-100% homozygous organisms can be produced (Parens, 2004). Since the subjects of the study bear the same genes, the variation then on their various(prenominal) phenotypic behavior is directly caused by environmental variables.Twin Studies Inbreeding is not done in humans for genetic traits of the humanoids can hardly be manipulated. Thus, twin studies are of prime importance in dealing with genotypic and phenotypic experimentations. While the equal or monozygotic twins are genetically identical, the fraternal or dizygotic twins are more genetically identical than normal siblings (Parens, 2004). The shared traits among identical and fraternal twins and non-twin individuals are significant for comparison and contrast.If identical twins have more behavioral traits than fraternal twins, genetic influences then interceded. Both identical and fraternal twins, although shared differently in the inherited traits, fancy similar pre-natal environment, thus, the genetic fact ors can be isolated for behavioral assessment (Parens, 2004). On the other hand, the genetic make up of fraternal twins are entirely different from non-twin individuals. Also, non-twin siblings have different pre-natal environment, hence, giving opportunity for comparison based on environmental factors (Parens, 2004).Knockout Studies In knockout study design, genes are both inserted or cut form the embryonic cells of mice (Parens, 2004). This is done to control and manipulate the genetic characteristic of the subjects. Then, they are reinserted into a female for gestation. Most knockout studies assiduous on and off gene mechanism through drug treatment or antibiotic (Parens, 2004). The researcher can turn the gene on or off by the combination of the deleted or inserted gene with a particular gene susceptible to drug treatment. Molecular BiologyGenetics and the advent of molecular biology have brought valuable insights into the inheritance of both genetic and behavioral disorders. For instance, it was identified that chromosomal aberrations resulting to an extra chromosome 21 would cause mental illness in Down syndrome cases (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Likewise, the gene responsible to various single-gene diseases with mental retardation accompaniment has been identified including their respective complications. Hence, new born screening is implemented nowadays for early detection and music of metabolic or genetic disorders.Generally, behavioral and biological connections with respect to chromosomal aberrations are easier to determine than the complexity of the normal behavioral patterns (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Contemporary technology on genetic studies is employed on single-gene treatment along with its behavioral characteristics. For example, DNA from either affected or unaffected population is canvas in the realization of the culprit gene for the observed behavioral defects (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). After gene identification, the allel e responsible for neurological problem is then determined.Similarly, gene mapping technique or linkage analysis is applied in the identification of the chromosomal position of a specific gene. Then, the DNAs of both affected and unaffected individuals from different families are analyzed to determine the link between a gene encoded in the DNA or marker and the occurrence of the genetic disorder (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). In connection to this, it is unremarkably postulated that high association entails the chromosomal closeness of the link between the DNA marker and the disorder.Heredity and the EnvironmentSpecific organisms sustain existence in different environmental conditions as both environment and genes control and direct their growth and development (Scarr, 1992). Thus, it is possible to attribute behavioral observations to genes or environmental factors. Further, the relative influences of environment and heredity as well as their interactions can possibly ascribe with the characteristic variation among members of a population (Scarr, 1992). In genetic studies, twins are typically used for behavioral analysis and comparison.The research on the behavioral developments of identical and fraternal twins, under identical social conditions, is one strategy employed to assess heredity-environment relationships. Likewise, hereditary and environmental influences are also examined by means of the behavioral comparison and contrast among unrelated individuals bad in the same custody like in the case of adopted children. By this method, similarities on the behavioral traits of the subjects would directly ascribe to environmental factors for they are entirely different with respect to genes (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).Furthermore, quantitative methods like biometric technique alleviate the processing of various family genetic-environment entropy (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). Experts attributed the behavioral phenotype differences among ind ividuals to their inherited genes from their respective parents in parallel with the nurturing environment. However, the difficulties in the identification of environmental factors involved in behavioral nurturing are even slap-uper than in the determination of the genes responsible for the phenotypic behaviors.On the other hand, both theoretical and technological advancement along with the conventional techniques provide great help in the study of hereditary-environmental behavior determinants (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). Meanwhile, heredity has been correlated with the variation of intelligence the nature and transmission of genes is a strong predictor of intelligence. In fact, as estimated, about 40-70% of intelligence variation can plausibly explained by hereditary traits (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).As revealed by more than five decades of research on the intelligence of related individuals, identical twins grown separately are just similar to adopted individuals b rought up in the same custody (Scarr, 1992). While identical twins grown up together are more than similar as compared to fraternal twins brought up in the same home, the reared identical twins are much similar than adopted individuals grown in the same custody (Scarr, 1992). Experts in the behavioral genetics discipline argued for the genetic basis of human behaviors such as aggression, depression, impulsivity, homosexuality, and substance use.This scientific search for the genetic basis of behavior led to the reemergence of behavioral genetic determinism bearing the notion that behaviors are largely shaped by genetic processes (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). On the other hand, researches on twins and adopted individuals were the traditional studies conducted to differentiate environmental and biological influences in personality formation (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Recently, researchers have looked into the DNA parts or genes which probably cause mental health problems like bipo lar disorder and schizophrenia, and even depression.However, specific gene responsible for the occurrence of these disorders was failed to be identified (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Also, genetic expert were not able to relate basic personality attributes and sexual preferences to any gene. Meanwhile, although some displayed behavior can only be attributed to a single gene, most of the expressed behaviors were generated by several genes or polygenic influence (Parens, 2004). In addition, environmental variables intercede on the genetic influences in behavioral expression resulting to the convolution of the scenario.Hence, for the analysis of genotypic and phenotypic behavioral interrelations, researchers formulated the scale of heritability with zero to one value-range (Parens, 2004). The heritability values are projections of variance measures expressed in the trait due to inheritance. As such, the zero value denotes that the phenotypic behavior is entirely independent from the be havioral gene while the value of one is an indication that the phenotypic behavior is absolutely attributed to the inherited gene.Analysis and ConclusionThe aforementioned findings of behavioral studies proved that genetic processes are directly responsible for human growth and development. Meanwhile, as environmental conditions provided by the parents and shaped by the society hone individuals to maximize their innate or inborn potentials, the similarities on the growth and developmental patterns among relatives illuminate the effects of their inherited genes (Scarr, 1992). For example, identical twins grown in different custody have similar traits just like twins brought up in the same family.In relation to this, although most developmental psychologists have taken into consideration the hereditary influences in the development of cognitive skills, mental abilities, and multiple intelligences on every individual, still they believe that environmental conditions take prevalence in molding ones personality (Scarr, 1992). Similar to this, as adoption, twin, and family studies showed the genetic influences in the inheritance of depression and schizophrenia, the role of environmental variables is crucial in the development of personality traits.As such, experts are in continuous search for the genes responsible for the development and inheritance of various diseases and personality disorders. For instance, psychopathological data gathered for a number of years revealed the genetic factors in the alcoholism and other substance use. In fact, alleles which corresponds for the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, dehydrogenases like aldehyde dehydrogenase were variedly detected among nonalcoholic and alcoholic Chinese men (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).However, conclusive findings concerning gene that is specifically related to alcoholism was hardly produced. It was postulated that alcoholism has complexity which may not only involve a specific gene but also includes sy nergism among genes and gene-environment interactions. Behavioral genetics in the light of technological advancement became an important tool in discovering the alleles and genes responsible for the behavioral characteristics of humans (Parens, 2004).This discipline has triggered the issues concerning the basis of behaviors people contended on the genetic explanation for the exhibited behavior as they generally believed on the notions of nature and substantiate assumptions. However, the nature and nurture notions, even though may play a significant role in behavior determination, as predictors of behaviors have limited view on behavior acquisition and modification (Parens, 2004). While the genotype dictates the possible occurrence of a particular behavior, the nature shapes the phenotypic behavior that will be expressed.As compared with the Mendelian genetics, behavioral genetics is much complicated for the pea plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiments directly showed the char acteristic variation while animal or human behaviors can hardly be interpreted as they way it was exhibited (Parens, 2004). Thus, the successful association between genes and behaviors is attained when the genotypic behavior concurred on the phenotypic or observed behavior. In such way, the behavioral genes can be identified and the extent of its behavioral expression can be further determined.References Carson, R. A. and Rothstein, M. A. (1999).Behavioral Genetics The collide of Culture and Biology. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press. Gershon, E. L. and Reider, R. O. (1992). Major Disorders of Mind and Brain. Scientific American, 267(3), 126133. Parens, E. (2004). Genetic Differences and Human Identity On Why Talking about Behavioral Genetics Is Important and Difficult. Garrison, unused York The Hastings Center. Plomin, R. , Owen, J. , and McGuffin, P. (1994). The Genetic Basis of Complex Human Behavior, Science, 264, 17331739. Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental Theories for t he 1990s Development and Individual Differences, Child Development, 63, 119.

Case Study on India China Infrastructure

A Case Study, Overcoming theme Roadblocks Are Chinese Lessons Relevant? This paper aims to document and analyse the different approaches in overall al-Qaeda vault of heaven cognitive operation for these ii very different countries from the constitution and institutional dimensions. It identifies occurrenceors that present worked in china and India. It as well as identifies some important lessons which could be relevant for forthcoming pedestal increase.For the last two decades, two India and mainland China acquire grown at twice the global rate and If this trend continues for next a couple of(prenominal) decades, with their vast labor supply, favorable demographics, and aspirations for reaching the developed world per capita income and consumption standards, these economies can be judge to find a significant imp bend on the world economy. China adopted a development model where manufacturing and exports are the rudimentary drivers of its frugal consummation.Relat ed article A. K. Kraipak CaseChinese administration recognized that export engagement and manufacturing require connectivity to the global economy and, as a result, bag development was propelled by a impregnable and sustained drive emboldened by the government. The most remarkable common factor behind the mastery of infrastructure in China was the single-minded goal of sustaining economic exploitation and recognition of the importance of infrastructure development in achieving this goal.Chinas unparalleled growth and scurvyness step-down in the last two decades has gone hand in hand with development of infrastructure stemming from its export-led outline. India, the other giant in Asia, did non follow the suit of the successful this infrastructure model in building ahead of contain. Its development strategy from time to time focused on re diffusion of wealth rather than growth. In the early 1980s, China was among the poorest nations in the world, with more(prenominal) (prenominal) than 60% of its population, or over 634 million people, living on less than $1 a day.By 1990, China reduced poverty to less than 33% and, by 2003, to 13. 4%. This was possible because of very postgraduate school growth rates fueled by craftiness openness. Indias achievements on growth and poverty during the very(prenominal) period declare been steady notwithstanding relatively modestthe overall population living on less than $1 day declined from 54. 4% in 1980 to 42. 1% and 30. 7%, respectively, in 1990 and 2003. The total fig of poor, however, endures high at over 325 million.To some extent, Indias overall performance was negatively influenced by the initial development model that emphasized import substitution and self-reliance, which was one of the contributing factors to its lack of trade openness for most of the period since independence. In the early fifties and sixties both countries had fairly convertible levels of infrastructure assets and services. Fo r example, Chinas electrical energy output at 7. 3 billion kWh in 1952 compares well up with Indias power output of 6. 3 billion kWh in 1950-51.The Indian alley network in 1950s was extensive at 400,000 kms compared to most one third that in China and both countries, about 40% of roads were paved then. Indias railway network at 53,000 kms was more than double that of China at 23,000 kms. India and China had similar numbers of telephone subscribers pic Though most Indian excogitate policies have continued to emphasize the importance of Infrastructure, they did non embrace the Chinese single-minded goal of infrastructure development, anticipating future demand and building ahead of time.Indias development model, which began with a balance between growth and distribution in the early fifties, was changed in mid-course with a greater emphasis on redistribution during the critical period of growth. A number of pro-poor programs were introduced which reduced overall fiscal space for infrastructure development, in time within infrastructure priorities, indemnity-making interests drove the overall resource allocation, for example, in the 1970s and 1980s, government emphasized development of minor(ip) irrigation and arcadian roads as part of anti-poverty programs.Employment generation by means of construction of rural roads, and ground water and minor irrigation to support food security received much higher priority compared to contend to enhance logistics to support industrial growth and improving overall economic efficiency. In five year plans a major(ip) goal was to connect all villages (with population of more than 1,500 inhabitants) with rural road network however, this was done done minimum needs program supporting employment creation and leading to waste and inefficiency.Most of the roads so created did non meet quality standards because fiscal space was not adequate to accommodate both the demand for resources for rural roads and also the conte nt driveway network which was getting congested. Even in the quality of power vault of heaven, village electrification was a priority so as to provide power for the farms, but not necessarily to households. Emphasis on connectivity, without improvements in overall economic efficiency meant unsustainable financial burden on the government budgets.In the time of slower economic growth or external shocks such as wars and high oil prices, infrastructure investings were major casualty. China with its high economic growth rates and higher nest egg rates was able to allocate much larger resources for investments in general. In the 1980, China saved 35% of GDP whereas Indias savings rate was less than half at 15. 5%. This combined, with higher fiscal deficits in India, meant that it was not always possible to invest in infrastructure pic pic schemening FrameworkInstitutions, Processes, Incentives and AccountabilityDevelopment be after in any country can follow two broad modelsit can either be an integral part of the governmental decision-making process or it can be divorced from politics where technocrats constrain a firm hold on the intend process as a matter of noetic and efficient management. In China, planning followed the first model. The State Planning Committee (SPC), and its subsequent variants, have been and remain at the center of Chinas political and economic affairs. The SPC sets the national policy agenda, makes important policy decisions, and even guides the lawmaking process to ensure that these decisions are implemented.Through a dual-track implementation arranging, its policy-making utilisation also extends to closely monitoring and guiding policy implementation. Thus the Chinese planning institutions fully integrate political economy reflections in the process of designing and implementing development plans. In China, strong accountability for delivery of plans was implant through powerful party structure and this has so far led to bet ter economic outcomes in terms of growth and infrastructure development. The Indian planning process historically tended to be more technological than political.Although the Planning Commission, with the Prime Minister as the Chairman, had some institutional ties to the political decision-making process, the process has tended to be more technical in reality, captured at times by technocrats who wanted to ensure able and managerial efficiency. The planning institutions in India at the national and state levels adopted a consultative process for the formulation of plans. Plan formulations for important sectors were to a lower place(a)taken by working groups with broad mandates and high levels of technical expertise.These working groups admitd not and representatives of the line ministries, but also financial sector, surreptitious sector, and academic institutions. This process of conjunction, however, worked well only in the initial phase of the preparation of formal plan doc uments. Most of the times, there was disconnect between targets and performance, plan and implementation, and demand for resources and actual availability of funds. As a result, in most years until recently, infrastructure projects were actually built on a piecemeal approach.Unlike the dual-track system in China, overall implementation in India has more frequently been divorced from the planning process. Similarly, policy-making too was fragmented where, for example, a number of policy reforms have been often decided by committees and working groups, without the Planning Commission always being in ill of the process of reform designs or action plans for implementation. Indias planning ability, widely regarded as world class, was not backed by underlying incentives and accountability systems in China that delivered better outcomes. Infrastructure Sector ReformsThe planning framework for infrastructure was very different in China and India. Similar to their efforts in rural geolog ical fault and agricultural modernization, China was able to adopt a dual benefit infrastructure development policyto build infrastructure that will promote economic growth and to build systems that directly target poverty reduction. The vast program of building expressways was complemented with several programs that would directly benefit the poor. Having a centralized political system with complete State control made it possible to take risks that would have been more difficult under alternate political paradigms.The political costs of direct dissent were relatively small, if not entirely lacking(p) in China. Until 1994, the Indian government did not have a comprehensive framework for infrastructure. Most of the government interventions were through large number of sector ministries and departmentsMinistry of Finance, Planning Commission, Pricing bureaus, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), etc. Since there were so many another(prenominal) actors, the entire spectrum of infrastructu re functions, namely, planning and policy making, regulation, yield, and supply tended to be dominated by public sector SOEs.The SOEs in these sectors had the skills and capabilities to influence important decisions however, accountability structures were being weakened due to excessive interference by political bosses. Reforms in the Indian electricity sector have not been very successful, in spite of the fact that these were pursued more systematically with amendment of the electric carity Act in 1991, which allowed nonpublic sector fellowship and even 100% foreign ownership. This alone did not lead to real improvements on the ground until recently.Part of the problem degrade in the lack of a credible regulator, partly due to a political setting that remained uncoordinated. The electricity sector in the Indian federal system remains on the concurrent list, implying responsibility for the sector by both the central government and the state governments. One of the most importan t factors that remained uncoordinated was the livelihood issue. A large number of states had followed the practice of subsidizing power for agriculture and, as a result, there was ambiguity regarding who was going to pay for the power.The financial status of most of the State Electricity Boards (SEB) was grim, with most experiencing large and unsustainable deficits. In the early 1990s, the rate of return on all SEBs combined was highly negative (-13. 5% of capital employed). Until 1998-99, private investments were allowed only in power generation in India. Private sector elaborateness in power transmission was allowed but private sector participation in power distribution did not occur until 2003.Although many states have set up independent regulators that have been fairly effective, the perfect issue of who pays for the subsidized power has remained an important challenge. Unlike India, however, Chinas power sector reforms have been relatively more successful in terms of the le vel of foreign and private sector participation in reducing the funding gap. The foreign private sector was welcomed into China, not only due to the need to augment financial resources, but also for the needed manufacturing expertness to produce the power generating equipment for an ambitious skill expansion program.Foreign direct investments (FDI) in China took various institutional forms such as joint ventures, build-operate-transfer (BOT) types of arrangements, candour joint ventures, loans, and equity in the alive energy enterprises. In 1996, the sector was further reformed under the new Electricity Law that created the State Power Corporation of China as an entity separate from the Ministry of Electric Power, thus signifying a first step to separating regulation from actual production and supply. Given the dual set system of new plant, new price, Chinas power sector funding gap has not been as large as that of India.A majority of farmers in China believe this TO GET RICH, BUILD roadstead FIRST TO GET RICH FAST, BUILD FAST ROADS saying. Numerous recent studies have exhibit that the greatest effect on poverty reduction can come from investments in the exaltation sector, particularly roads. It has been shown that an efficient road network increases access to services and economic opportunities, facilitates domestic market integration, lowers the cost of production and transportation, and allows healthy competition both domestically and internationally.In addition to accessibility, the quality of the roads also plays an important role in economic development. Although China had a late start, its achievement in building an extensive national road network in the last two decades has been unprecedented. With almost 30,000 km of expressways, China is fast undercover work up with the U. S. , which has the worlds largest road network. China is adding 5,000 km of expressway every year, expecting to reach a level over 80,000 km by 2020.Before discussing the c urrent state of the Indian road network, it is useful to check upon three important trends that have significantly influenced the way in which road infrastructure has been developed and utilize in recent decades. First, there has been a gradual but persistent mode shift in India from rail to roads. In 1960, rail carried 85% of goods traffic and 51% of passenger traffic by 2001, those percentages had declined to 23% and 13%, respectively. The vast majority of this demand appears to have shifted to the road system, which currently accounts for 70% of freight transport and 85% of passenger transport.Second, with rising GDP, demand for automotive and freight travel has grown rapidly and consistently. Third, despite the stunning growth in road transport demand, investment in new highway capacity has been anemic. These three trends, taken together, help explain the current state of the Indias road infrastructure, which is now both deplorably underdeveloped and over-utilized. Even thoug h the Indian road network as a whole is denser than that of China, its highway component is comparatively underdeveloped.Despite significant improvements since the establishment of the National Highway Administration of India (NHAI), in contrast, Indias existing national highway network is characterized by slow speeds, heavy congestion and low service levels. It is not only the Indian road network that has remained under-funded almost all other infrastructure services remain, at present, far below the level required to sustain the economic growth needed to address permeative poverty Important lessons learnt On Infrastructure developmentWhen it comes to roads, the important goals for future development of Indias road infrastructure are given as follows- Upgrading the capacity and efficiency of existing infrastructure. Establishing total connectivity for an all-weather rural road network Developing a modally-balanced transport system, particularly in urban areas Contributing to a reduction in regional disparities Contributing to sub-regional economic cooperation Putting a much greater emphasis on safetyIn order to perform their tasks more effectively, these national, state, and local agencies must collectively overcome a number of morphologic challenges, many of which can only be solved through policy or institutional reform. At the broadest level, the most pressing issues fall under the categories of poorly defined bureaucratic structure/mission, insufficient accountability, poor asset/system management, and inadequate resource mobilization. These categories can be broken down into greater particular proposition as followsPoorly defined bureaucratic structure/mission Unclear or overlapping responsibilities, often with no agency in charge Multiple mandates including roads, buildings, and irrigation Absence of clear strategic goals, mission statements, performance indicators, or investment plans Insufficient accountability blow to separate policy and operational roles for clear accountability Not enough consultation with road users Failure to report all relevant information Failure to impose sanctions on poor performance Absence of independent bodies to verify information and assess performance Inappropriate evaluation techniques that are merely input-based, focusing solely on accounting for expenditures against the budget. Taking into consideration the physical or operational conditions of the actual road network. Poor asset/system management understaffed attention to data collection and analysis in decision-making Excessive focus on new investment vs. maintenance Uneconomical investments made under political influence Lack of competition in procural Need for leaner staffing with greater skill-set diversification Declining investments in transport relative to GDP Input from private finance still very limited Need to make better use of user charges in the form of gas taxes or tolling Though these problems are daunt ing, agencies at various levels within the government have taken initial steps to address them in recent years. Within the central government, notable examples include Increasing the level of public funding for transportation within the Five-Year Plans Creating the Central Road Fund (CRF) to finance road development and maintenance through an earmarked cess (tax) on diesel and gasoline Operationalizing the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) to act as an infrastructure procurer rather than a provider Establishing the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) to put forward the nationals major highway routes Amending the National Highway Act to expedite land acquisition, permit private participation in road financing, and allow for the tolling of public roads In addition to standard techniques, such as the issuance of state- and federally-backed bonds, more innovative public-private partnership arrangements have also been developed.Examples include BOTs (build-operate -transfer contracts, in which a private partnership builds and operates a facility for a fixed number of years, recouping its expenses plus a reasonable receipts through tolling, before transferring the facility back to the state) and other forms of maintenance and operations concessions. Though there is an fire recognition of the contribution of infrastructure in modern economies, the links between infrastructure and economic growth and poverty reduction is neither certain nor automatic. Infrastructure development results in improvements in productivity and in overall quality of life but the impact is still contextual.A study prepared jointly by three major development institutionsthe Asian Development Bank (ADB), Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), and the earthly concern Bank (WB)advocated that it is not enough to examine impacts of infrastructure without broadening and deepening the definition of poverty and economic growth. In the study, the impacts of infrastru cture are seen to occur at three levelsfirst, through facilitating economic growth second, through improving quality of life and, finally, through enhancing broader social and economic capabilities. Nevertheless, manufacturing and exports have proven to be key drivers to economic performance of less developed and developing countries. Infrastructure provides connections to the global economy that are all important(p) for export competitiveness and manufacturing. China used infrastructure as a policy instrument and prompt political tool to reduce poverty and trigger growth.The Chinese government had a strategic imagery that was combined with a sustained drive toward economic growth, which resulted in unprecedented growth, poverty reduction, and gains in efficiency, but at a cost of increased inequality and great regional disparity. India started with a very rational approach of maintaining a balance between growth and distribution, but changed mid-course to a greater emphasis on r edistribution. India learned the hard way that a greater emphasis on redistribution was not viable without rugged and sustained growth. The resulting consequences were limited improvements in growth and poverty reduction with relatively little impact on income distribution.

Cases in global marketing strategies Essay

If you call yourself a image fanatic, then 21 August, 2009 was a day you go forth constantly conduct to remember. Movie lovers and anyone who love transcendout to cinemas were defiantly in a rush that day to be in any near IMAX Theater. In more than a hundred IMAX 3-D cinemas all over the world watched just 16 legal proceeding pre chance of the footage from the new James Cameron photograph the shape. Just on the same day, Ubisoft entreeed a preview on a video game based on the exposure, and Mattel unveiled movement toys based on the flick characters. On the other hand, a day earlier, the teaser make for this painting broke records on Apple.com, this was later on the teaser was streamed more than four million times during the scratch line day.On that day August 21, it was a celebration for all picture show lovers and picture show productions and for that it was a holiday and till now it is remembered as avatar Day. Today it is remembered as the dawn of the most pla nned and victorful digital market run away invariably created to support a photographic film (Evan, 2011). In this photographic film James Cameroon and his crew went to all limits and for sure they merited what the word picture gave them in return. For Avatar to stand out above the rest of the movies as it did, there ar a lot of strategies and plans which were put in motion for all this to happen. Below are some of the flesh out of key components of how the trade campaign of the movie became much(prenominal) a success, in some I will illustrate with a character and creature within Avatar.The Home tree Avatars WebsiteThe clearness and visual perfection of the home tree on Pandora portrays what has been cultivated on the movies official meshingsite. On the websites visitors produce more than they can discombobulate on a standard lagger, this is by images and all background materials. In the website, you will find 14 side scrolling square boxes that will show a lot of digital products that invent this movie different from the rest. On conk of this the fans sire the capability of accessing the story, character information, music, and picture downloads. And to diagnose the website more interesting the fans can besides be qualified to share their views and showcase their personal interests on the movie. In the movie just about when humans destroyed the home tree for wealth and followers of personal interests, the movies website home page had its own destructions in mid-August when the movie fans crushed the site in the act of trying to get free tickets for Avatar Day.The Banshee The AIR Interactive TrailerThe movies active thrust comes in the lead other previous movie trailers, and this is all because of integration of societal media feeds, and el tied(p) points of interaction that gives viewing audience the opportunity for one click access to each character. This means that the fans can choose the characters they want to view in a tra iler and by this they unlock additional substances. The creation of this trailer was do attainable by the use of adobe AIR software, which creates a flexible platform for developers. The outcome of this achievement is that the fans get to enjoy more exciting experience like never before, which more of less the same as to the one is offered in Banshee skipping in the movie. The preview is a motion and frequently refreshed admission to the movie, which appears to be real and capture the moment it begins. The other vantage is that the preview comes with three options to purchase tickets.The manoeuver of Souls Social MediaIn the movie the character Navi believes that in the tree of souls, which a resting line for the souls of ancestors, was the main link of what connected them to one a nonher. through with(predicate) this idea, there is a connection to social media that is constantly connected to our past in one way or the other. Social media being one of the sudden ways to pas s information around all over the world, film movie makers had to use the advantage when marketing Avatar. The movies unbelievably got the attention it required on social sites for example it got about 1.5 million fans on Facebook alone, in Myspace the fans were about 800,000 and on twitter I gained about 26,000 followers. According to one of Americas social media analytical firm, they said that Avatar was the most talked about movie in the year 2010 in twitter. However, some shoves resulted to tweet and listen promotion that required the fans to send messages via twitter and afterward doing that then they will be able to listen to music utilize in the movie as soundtracks. The social media strategy Avatar used also passed to YouTube that gained over 12 million views, on flicker it got 1.5million people viewing the photos and a type pad blogging community of about 5000 people.Hallelujah Mountains Augmented RealityIn the movie, the gravity opposing Hallelujah Mountains appears to be challenging the ability to hear or see, which is also what had been do greater and reality pushes to do by tabling an interesting experience that floats in front of the viewers eyes. The creation of Avatar toys which could be trigger and brought to life through the help of webcams and special product tags. While on the other side atomic number 6 zero introduced soda cans that opened up a world of Pandora. The final result is that Avatar is so far the biggest movie ever made in the box office of all times. This movie sell over $2 billion in tickets sales which was mostly influenced by 3-D taxes and international interests. Through Avatar James Cameron became one of the greatest movie makers of all time having two of the top-grossing movie surpass on the box office at the same time. The question remains to be what lead to the success of this movie?The primary objective of any marketing strategy in the movie industry is to make sure that the fans get the product you are marketi ng. While at the same time gets to theaters to watch the movies that they have to pay about $10 to $15 and have to watch the movie for several hours. After the campaign made by the advertisers, millions of people all went out to theatres just to enjoy the movie and 3-D glasses, and the fans also got to bring a phrase from the movie to life which was used by Navi Oel ngati kameie mean I see you.This is the processes in which the improvements in the movie made it unique as compared to other films. However, they are not just the only methods James Cameron used to make Avatar a success in the digital movie era. The introduction of 3-D camera and stimulcam were not just the technologys that sour James Camerons sci-fi unique and a success. Many other small movies have also move to social media to spread the word guerrilla-style, and so far no other blockbuster movie has turned to social media marketing like Avatar did. After using this method to market its film, the results they got from the first opening weekend Avatar made $232 million and ranked the movie on 2 highest grossing movie of all times. Camerons $500million act of hubris finally bared fruits.Reinventing the Movie Trailer OnlineKnowing that Avatar was never the first film to make a trailer in a different manner online. wherefore it means that it was never the first to try out most of this things required for online advertising. But using an valuable strategy, and at the same time combine it with several existing ideas was what made this movies social media campaign go big. In the beginning it started with ideas which many movies use now a preview debut from Apple, which was announced on twitter and the anxiety was too high from the fans to such an extent that the servers had to get the trailer out to the people who wanted it.Afterward, about a month later the movie released the second trailer, this became a success since many fans were eagerly waiting to see the trailer for a whole month and with that the fans made their own mash-up trailers which involved Avatar and other movies. However, after making the second preview they did not closure there and they went forth and made the third trailer and to their surprise the preview was the best they had achieved so far, and to an extend it blew everyone away beyond their expectation. An interactive preview was introduced using Adobe Air software and therefore in required one to download that is a bit hectic, but to all Avatar fans the download was cost it. The download had special features such as featured contend, and the fans could read all updated social media updates on the movie from the trailer. This move was the biggest move that Avatar had taken since it got press reporting and buzz (Dave, 2011).The Facebook and MTV WebcastOn 3 December, Facebook fall in forces with MTV.com and were sponsored by LG webcast known as Avatar Live. An interview was made to get word from the great minds hobo the creation and success of th e movie and this were people like James Cameron the Director, the producers Jon Landau, the Actors Zoe Saldana and Sam Washington. In this interview, the fans also got to communicate them any questions they wanted to about the movie. Even though the interview can be said to have been short and brief, it is still considered to be one of the amazing webcast to have been seen up to date (Mitchell_A_Zucker) . This is because it is not always that simple to see big Hollywood names all sitting at the same berth answering questions from their fans all at the same time. Even though having the community come to interact with a director of such caliber is a once in a lifetime opportunity, it made us remember of director Peter Jacksons daily updates from the famous set of The Lord of the Rings. What was undergo in both cases is the fact that people who did not know much about the movies also turned out for the sale and learn more about the film while on the other hand the fans also showed u p in large numbers to also get to know all what they did not know yet and get new words to spread around to friends and other people they interact with.Broadcasting the Premiere Live On UstreamOne of the most respected way for any celebrity or movie to go down is by using the red carpet. Avatar was premiered at the red carpet and broadcasted make out to the audience on a video streaming site Ustream. Besides the technology media coverage this pulled, this idea was not a new stunt since movies like twilight saga new-fangled moon had already put it on trial, however, we can say it made many people happy that day. The point is a movie should use all ways possible it gets to get the awareness of the movie out.This broadcast made at the red carpet was sponsored by Myspace, and with this it means that the move reached fans who got to miss the presentation in Facebook or any other social media site. The fans of Avatar had the opportunity to watch the preview and the video in bot Myspace web page in addition to Ustream website. The fact that the red carpet was one week before the movie was released and aired in cinemas was another way to get the awareness of the movie to the fans during the final days of marketing before the final release date of the eagerly awaited movie.Avatar is one of the most electrifying Sci-fi, fantasy, adventure movie ever made. The story line is with no doubt captivating to the audience. Due to these features it was made easy for Cameron and his crew to market the movie since all the fans were thrilled and eager to see the movie after watching the trailers offered on the movie. However, in marketing Avatar the movie had to also come up with action figures which would symbolize the characters and through this they got to attract more children fans to get to buy the toys and also want to watch the movie (Dave, 2011). Coming up with unique posters of the movie was also another marvelous move Avatar came up with, since everyone who was a fan wa nted to at least have a poster of the movie in the house or even in their bedrooms and through that all the friend of people with the posters would end up being drawn slowly into liking the movie. According to (Mesa, 2009). another reason many people end up liking the movie is the fact that we were all amazed by the work made by the make-up artist in the movie, actually they made the characters look so real in such a way that has never been seen before. The details on the characters and the make-up were just out of this world.ConclusionFrom this essay, it is homely that James Camron went to all measures to make Avatar such a success. However, many movies might have tried using the same marketing strategies but the little details and changes that James Cameron brought to the production and marketing of the movie are what actually made the difference and ended up make this movie the greatest movie of all times. However, this made it everyones business to play the marketing roles whi ch were to be played by everyone during the movie sale and we even see how the fans got the chance to market the movie and also comment on live updates about the movie. This time it is with no doubt that James Cameron overdid himself in this movie. Having such a big movie is not something people see every day it takes practice and experience to be what James Cameron is, but we cannot be so surprised about this since James Cameron had another blockbuster Titanic which was also top of the box office before he broke his own record with Avatar. This movie Avatar did not just be successful it changed the movie industry as we knew it and for that I have doubt that Avatar will be a movie that will be remembered for several decades to come or even a century.ReferenceJeannet, J. (2004). Cases in global marketing strategies. Boston Houghton Mifflin.Evan, S. (2011). Avatar. Pittsburgh, PA Six Gallery Press.Mesa, A. (2009). soil Avatar translating virtual world branding into real world success . New York Palgrave Macmillan.Kautonen, T. (2008). Trust and new technologies marketing and management on the Internet and mobile media. Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar.Dave, D. (2011). Think before you engage 100 questions to ask before starting a social media marketing campaign. Indianapolis, IN John Wiley & Sons.Paul, A. (2009). Digital strategies for powerful corporate communications. New York McGraw-Hill.Mattias, B. (2011). How Cool Brands Stay Hot. Kogan PageMatthew, S. (2011). Handbook of research on digital media and advertising user generated content consumption. Hershey, PA Information Science Reference.Roger, A. (2009). Marketing. Boston McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Article first Mitchell_A_Zucker. http//teammaz.wordpress.com/about/oliveborden.blogspot.com//identify-your-target-market-with-this.htmlMarketing Strategies of movies -Avatar. http//blogs.ubc.ca/daisydong/2013/02/24/marketing-strategies-of-movies-avatar/Source document